Use hydrogen gas to generate electricity, emitting only water vapor.
Vehicles fully powered by electricity stored in a battery pack, producing zero tailpipe emissions.
Complete the summary below using words from the box.
The contemporary focus has largely shifted toward Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), which dispense with internal combustion entirely. Powered exclusively by chemical energy stored in rechargeable lithium-ion battery packs, BEVs produce zero tailpipe emissions. Proponents argue that widespread BEV adoption is the most viable path to decarbonizing personal transport. However, critics point out that the environmental credentials of a BEV depend heavily on the local electricity grid. If a vehicle is charged using electricity generated from coal-fired power plants, its lifetime carbon footprint remains substantial. Furthermore, the mining of raw materials for batteries—such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel—frequently raises severe ecological and ethical concerns regarding water depletion and localized pollution. environmentally friendly vehicles ielts reading answers
An alternative pathway in zero-emission transportation is the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV). Instead of storing electricity in a massive battery, an FCV generates its own electricity on board through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, emitting nothing but pure water vapor. The primary advantage of hydrogen vehicles over BEVs is their refueling speed; an FCV tank can be filled in under five minutes, closely mimicking the convenience of a conventional gasoline pump. Additionally, hydrogen systems offer superior energy density, making them highly attractive for heavy-duty commercial trucks and long-haul buses where heavy batteries would prove inefficient.
Look out for words like all, mostly, never, always, or initially . A statement might be FALSE because the text says something happened later , not initially .
Increased focus on green hydrogen (produced via renewable energy) for heavy transport [1]. Use hydrogen gas to generate electricity, emitting only
(The passage states that no harmful exhaust gases are emitted, only pure water).
Before diving into the passage, it's essential to understand the key technologies and terms you will encounter. The core technologies you need to be familiar with include:
The percentage of global carbon emissions attributed to the transportation industry. The contemporary focus has largely shifted toward Battery
Passages often begin by mentioning that electric cars are not a new invention. In the early 20th century, electric buggies competed with steam and gasoline. However, the discovery of cheap oil led to the dominance of the petrol engine for over 100 years. 2. The Shift to Hybrids
The underlying framework (e.g., charging stations).